Farewell to MCC

Tonight is our last night on MCC's campus..... :(  For the next four weeks we will be touring India going to Kerala, Goa, and then finally reaching Delhi.  I am very excited about being in a constant state of travel and getting to see such different areas of India.  However, I will miss MCC and this 'home' away from home.  Here are a few things that I will miss about Madras Christian College:

-The Porch!  If you want to hang out and relax this is where you go.  It is the communal area of the International Guest House (where we have been staying at MCC) where everyone goes to sit and hang out.  I will miss morning coffee and newspaper time where I worked on my Sudoku and Word Jumble skills.  I often was one of the first people out here in the morning so it was very peaceful to wake up and enjoy the quiet of campus.  I really am going to miss this porch. 

-Yoga.  Speaking of getting up early,  our group had the option of attending yoga classes while we were at MCC.  This sounded like an awesome idea for most of our class, but the only drawback was that these classes were at 6:30am.  A lot of us showed up for the first class but then slowly our group diminished as people opted for the extra sleep time.  I was determined to attend all of the 10 classes they had arranged and I was able do this, along with 2 other group members.  It was quite hard to get up on some of the mornings but you felt so great and refreshing afterwards that it was worth it.  However, I'm not going to miss waking up that early.

-the Food!  The chef at the IGH (International Guest House) was amazing.  I don't think there was ever a meal I did not enjoy.  They were also very good about gradually introducing us to higher and higher spice levels. SO much good food was consumed here

-The staff here that have been so amazing to us.  Any little need or concern that we have they would help work it out.  They were so nice even if they didn't speak the best English.  They were so great and accomodating.  They really made MCC a home for us, something that will be hard to leave behind.

Those are only some of the things I will miss here at MCC.  I could go on and on but our flight to Kerala leaves early so we have to leave here at 4:30am which is only 6 hours from now.  So with that, I will say farewell.  I will have very limited internet access until I return to the United States in about a month so if you are trying to contact me and I don't respond that is why. I will try to blog when/if I can! 

Academic Blog: Water Issues in India

Water is a resource that has caused India a lot of stress in its long history. Everything from water quality to availability makes it a challenge for India to provide acceptable water to its people. In our time here I have listened to many lectures about the water issues facing India and have also been able to witness them first hand.

Before one can talk about water quality issues, there has to be water available for this to be a problem. India has long been a country that has struggled to meet its water demands. In fact, over the last few decades there has always been a t least one state that has been labeled as suffering through a draught. India’s rainfall patterns are quite unusual in that they depend on the monsoon season to meet their water requirements. In other words, India will go many months without getting any rains at all and then when the monsoon comes the areas will endure a downpour of rain for a few months that consists of most of their annual rainfall. These rain trends require the nation to have sufficient water management policies in order for the water to last through the year. If India is not careful with monitoring the water resources this could cause severe water shortages throughout India. Another practice that contributes to the scarcity of water in India includes irrigation techniques that place significant stress on the groundwater supply. Irrigation is one of the most water intensive processes and India is a largely agricultural country, considering these two factors one can see that the amount of irrigation in India compromises the amount of water available to the people if not monitored properly. India is not a country that receives constant rainfall throughout the year and is prone to draught if monsoon rains do not come to a region. This makes it crucial for the country to be able to store water in reservoirs when rains are plenty, as is the case in Chennai at the moment, and to practice frugality when there are draught conditions.

One of the other major problems that India faces right now is with water quality and sanitation. This is something that we have experienced and witnessed firsthand while being in India. While walking on the streets we have seen streams and other water bodies that have been contaminated by trash, sewage, animals, and other various pollutants I am sure. Also, as foreigners we have had to be conscience about what water sources that our drinking water comes from. We cannot assume that the water is properly sanitized so bottled water at restaurants is a must and we cannot consume ice anywhere, a big contrast to the United States.

Water pollution comes from a variety of sources. In cities, the lack of a sufficient waste management system contributes to pollution. There are hardly any trash cans around and often open sewage areas that are not blocked off in any way so pollutants can migrate into the water supply and make it harder for people to obtain clean water. As India has grown in recent years, urbanization has significantly contributed to water pollution in India. There are industries now that are located near bodies of water that release effluents into water bodies that as a result contaminate drinking water. Also, sedimentation of rivers and other water bodies is another challenge that India’s water sources face. This sedimentation changes the flow and decreases the biodiversity of affected water bodies as well as makes it more difficult for people to use as a clean water source. In more rural areas, the effects of fertilizers that are being used for agricultural production have led to nitrogen and phosphorous excesses not only on the surface where they are sprayed, but in the groundwater as well. This is a huge problem that will most likely get worse as the consequences of this pollution become more problematic as people begin to be impacted by these fertilizers. This, coupled with the fact that fertilizer use does not seem to be diminishing at any point in the near future, does not bode well for the safety of the water sources not only in India but throughout the world. All of these contaminants are contributing to the polluted water supplies in India, something that if not monitored properly will continue to cause problems for the nation.

India’s efforts to provide safe water to its population have not been insignificant. They have built many dams, large and small and have even suggested projects that would connect the Himalayan Rivers so as to provide more water to its people. They have also passed many laws and policies regarding the management and sanitation of water supplies. However, their problems lie in the implementation and enforcement of such policies. India needs to have better enforcement of its water protection policies in order to ensure the quality and availability of their water supply for the future.

Academic Blog: Narmada Valley Dam Project

               India faces a number of environmental challenges as it continues to grow and develop.  Some of the major problems that India is continually battling are water shortages and energy shortages.  One of the ways that India has looked into rectifying both of these issues throughout their history is through the development and building of hydroelectric power dams.  One such of these projects was called the Narmada Valley Dam Project, a now infamous project in India that resulted in many citizens protesting because of the adverse effects it would have on their lives, homes, and ecology of the area.

                The details of this project included the construction of 3,200 dams, both large and small, all along the Narmada River.  This river flows through three states in northern India; Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra and Gujarat. This had long been a discussed idea for this river, but it wasn’t until 1987 when the World Bank sanctioned a 450 million dollar loan to begin construction on the largest dam of the project, the Sardar Sarovar, that significant construction began.  This dam was proposed to be 136.5 meters tall and was projected to provide irrigation to 1.8 million hectares as well as provide drinking water to the often draught prone areas of Kutch and Saurastra in Gujarat.  However, many people feel that these benefits were grossly exaggerated and that the detrimental impact the building this dam would have on the river’s health, sensitive ecosystems, the environment, and on people’s lives far outweighed the benefits that it may bring to the area.  The opposition to this dam increased as its construction commenced and displaced 320,000 people.  In response to the significant impact this dam has had on many people in the community and knowing that if construction continued that the number of displaced persons could reach into the millions, protest movements began to take shape. 

In 1990, the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) organization coordinated protest movements in the region. These were non-violent protests (satyagraha) that succeeded in getting the attention of the World Bank which caused them to review their support and loan of the project.  The bank formed the Morse Commission to evaluate the dam and the affects that it was incurring on the people and environment.  The findings of this report corroborated many of the grievances that the NBA had petitioned against the project and as a result the World Bank withdrew from the project.  India continued on with the project but following a petition from the NBA the Supreme Court suspended the project  in 1995 when it was at a height of 80.3 meters.  Despite the massive protest movement, the dam was permitted to continued its construction after a review of the project by the Supreme Court and since 1999 has been undergoing construction at a slower pace and with more regulations in order to help alleviate some of the negative impacts of the dam.  Whether or not the sacrifice made of the environment to build this dam was worth it remains up for debate.

                Learning of this controversial dam and the World Bank’s role in making the project a reality has made me consider the effectiveness of multilateral organizations like the World Bank or IMF.  These organizations promote development by granting loans to far away countries from their cozy offices in Washington, D.C.  thinking that money will solve all the problems in these far off nations.  That may be an overly dramatic and cynical statement, but I do think that a certain disconnect exists between these institutions and the local areas that their projects focus on.  I say this because this summer I worked at a company that specialized in providing consulting services promoting sustainable development in developing countries.  The projects I worked on were financed and approved by the World Bank and IMF and the next step was to ask companies like ours to go and fulfill the tasks set forth in the projects with the allotted amount of money given to the project.  Our company worked on projects that were much smaller than the Narmada Dam, but the process of how these projects go about being completed are probably very similar.  In getting familiar with these processes over the summer I realized that many of the experts that go in and offer their services on these projects do not stay there for very long.  There are of course long term professionals and local experts that are full time workers on the project, but these other experts come and go quite rapidly.  They offer advice and go on their way.  After being in India for 5 weeks I feel like this may not be the best idea.  This country is so different and has complex issues to deal with that an outsider could not possibly comprehend in a short stay to the country.  I know that personally I would not feel comfortable offering advice on a large and expensive project even after 5 weeks of being in India, but what do I know as I am not even a college graduate.  It just seems that if the people who were in charge of the Narmada Dam had paid closer attention to the environment, local communities, and people that they were about to impact that they may have not been so keen to go forth with this project.

                I believe organizations like the World Bank have the best intentions when they approve any project, but in the future it may serve them well to bridge the disconnect that exists between their headquarters and the areas their projects are targeting.  It is one thing to offer advice from far away when issues are put into nice little boxes, but in reality, the world is much more complex than that, something that I have learned day after day in India.  

Thoughts from India

I know that I have not blogged much since arriving in India, but I am going to try to correct this.  I don't even know where to start because we have done so much, experienced so much and seen so much in the 3.5 weeks that I have been here.  I guess to summarize some of what I have been up to I will make a list of random thoughts/experiences of this trip.

-I never ever ever ever ever would want to drive any sort of vehicle in India.  There is no such thing as traffic laws.  People weave in and out of traffic at will, make their own lanes, and there is no such thing as being too close to another car.  I swear that our bus magically shrinks during some parts of our drives because it shouldn't be able to fit where it does. 

-With the lack of driving rules, you can imagine how much fun crossing the street is.  You have to just start walking as oncoming traffic is bearing straight for you and hope that they get out of the way, so far they have.  This takes awhile to get used to.

-If you dont like trash, don't come to India.  I have been amazed by the amount of trash that is littering the streets.  There are always piles of trash everywhere, no public trash cans lining the streets.

-With trash, comes animals.  Because there is so much trash on the streets animals are also found in the streets.  Common sights include cows, stray dogs, goats, and wild pigs eating the trash.  Talk about a free meal.

-Bucket Baths.  Our place of residence for the first 5 weeks of our trip has been Madras Christian College where there isn't a legitmate shower in the bathroom (common throughout India).  Instead of a shower they have a bucket.  You fill this with water and bucket bath commences.  I have no problems with these, however, it is near impossible to completely wash my hair.  I can never completely wet my hair and so it is always a battle to thoroughly shampoo my hair, and then a whole other battle to rinse the shampoo. This whole process makes being clean that much more satisfying.

-Temples, temples, and more temples!  We have visited many temples so far in in India.  Many of them are painted and very colorful.  This paint is not original to the structure, but was added after their completion.  It is still old paint though.  Others are not painted and I have come to like these temples more.  I like the more natural look.  One of my favorite things about these Indian temples are that they are still used today.  Oftentimes when you visit temples or other hundreds year old strutures they are just there on display for whoever wants to see.  In India, they are active places of worship with Indians going to worship and leave offerings to various deities.  I really like seeing these temples in use. 

-Elephants! Outside of many temples there are often elephants.  They 'give' blessings to people who walk past by touching their trunk to the top of someone's head.  Then to pay them for this you put rupees (Indian currency) in their trunks, yes IN their trunks, and they jingle it around before they give it to their master.

-Speaking of Rupees, everything in India is very cheap.  One hundred Rupees is the equivalent of around 2 dollars and I hardly buy anything that is greater then 500 rupees, or 10 dollars.  One major plus of going to India on study abroad rather than Europe!

-Swimming anyone?  When we have gone on our 5 day trips (we have had 2 of these ) to various parts of India most of our dowtime when we are at our hotels in the evening is spent in the hotel's pool.  It is so hot here, although it is cooling down because the monsoon has arrived in Southeast India, that after a long day of travel and sightseeing it feels great to swim.  At our first hotel we spent an entire afternoon in a pool, I think about 4 hours total. 

-FOOD!  One of my favorite things about India.  The food here is amazing!  So many flavors and curries and spices, I could go on and on.  Some of my favorites are the classic paneer, all their breads (there is more than just Naan everyone), Gobi 65 (fried cauliflower that is the best thing you have ever tasted, take my word for it), Okra dishes, Malai Kofta (vegetable dumplings in a sauce) and so many more that I can never remember the names of.  One of my favorite desserts I have gotten was at one of our hotels and it was bana pancakes.  Essentially, sliced banana stuffed inside a crepe, so good.  They also had those available for their breakfast buffet and I took advantage of this, I know that isn't exactly an Indian dish but it was so good that it needed mentioning.  I'm slowly building up my spice tolerance, still have a LONG way to go before I can withstand 'Indian hot' though.

-Can I take your picture?  Sooo sometimes when we are traveling and our whole group is together Indian families like to come up and ask for our picture with them.  It is weird for people to be so excited to take pictures with you because you are a foreigner, or white to be more specific.  When this happens, often other families will join in the fun and ask for pictures.  This is fun most of the time, but sometimes it can be cumbersome because it makes it hard for us to walk anywhere and so it will delay us for a bit.  However, I will continue to enjoy my celebrity status in India while I am here.

-Diwali!  We were able to celebrate the Diwali holiday authentically in India (their equivalent of Christmas).  We all got dressed up in our Saris, well the girls dressed in saris, and made our way to our Professor's family's home in Chennai.  They were very welcoming and fed us amazing food and gave us a traditional Diwali experience.  We sat and enjoyed each other's company all afternoon, set off fireworks which is the thing to do on Diwali, ate like kings and queens, and relaxed.  Only complaint for the day is that saris are not as confortable as they look.  They are very tight around your waist and not easy to maneuver around in, but you do look pretty in them!

That's all I have for now, though a lot more has happened.  I'll try to keep this updated more often now.  Check out my facebook photos to see what I've been up to here:

http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.2515500009310.144154.1307504127&type=1&l=46e679c772

India Arrival

After 36 hours of travel, we finally arrived in India.  There were a few delays and an unexpected landing in Bangalore India to refuel before we ultimately ended up in Chennai, but in the end we got here.  Our official residence for 5 weeks is Madras Christian College (MCC) which is a little oasis away from the hustle and bustle of the Indian streets. It feels as if we are in a jungle with all the trees around us on campus. 

Yesterday was a long day of acclimating to the time.  We first arrived at MCC at 5am, after already being up since 1am, and got settled in.  The rest of the day consisted of exploring the campus, unpacking, eating awesome Indian food, and attempting to not fall asleep so we could adjust to the time.  There were many naps taking by the group, I managed to not fall asleep until about 3pm and then had to wake up around 4pm so we could go to the John Lennon tribute concert the students on the campus were having.  We were all really tired and reluctant to go, but it was a really fun cancert and the music was good.  I guess The Beatles are everywhere.  After the concert it was dinner time and then straight to bed.  I think all of us probably had the best sleep of our life last night after being so exhausted. 

Our balcony, the first rom on the left is mine.  I have 3 other roomates.

This is in our 'backyard' of the international guest house.  I was very sleep deprived at this point so don't ask what I was doing..

It takes a long time to upoad photos so there will only be a few per post.  Go to the other student's blogs to see more photos if you want!

Goodbye USA, Hello India

It has come!!!


After what has been a long and busy 6 weeks at Furman we are finally leaving for India.  It has been a hectic few days getting ready, but I could not be more excited for this exciting adventure.  All the papers, tests, projects, and vaccinations are behind me, my bags are packed and I'm ready to go.  I must admit that I am not looking forward to the 19 hours of flight time that it will take to get me there...why couldn't you be just a little bit closer India???  At least I can catch up on some much needed sleep while traveling. Time to get to bed....wake up call is in 4 hours (took me just a little bit longer to get all of my stuff organized and ready to go than I had expected, oh well)

 *Now that my next post will be from India I promise that my blog will get much more interesting from this point on*

The Challenges of Urbanization

     The world is becoming more and more urbanized each day.  The growth of urban areas in recent years has been phenomenal as people trade in the rural lives they were used to living for the big city.  In fact, as of 2008, more than half of the world’s population live in towns and cities.  This accounts for 3.3 billion people and this number is only expected to grow (Yadev, Nikhil, & Pandav 2011).  The shift of populations from rural areas to cities is much more pronounced in developing countries such as India.  It is estimated that by 2030, 40% of India’s population will live in urban areas or put another way, 590 million people (Yadev et al).  As one may expect from these astronomical numbers, the rapid pace of growth for these cities presents many health challenges for urban planners to try and accommodate such growth.

            The stresses caused by urbanization include air pollution, water pollution, little sanitation, respiratory problems, and accidents related to increased traffic (Yadev et al). Waste is one of the most difficult problems for cities because as more people come to live in higher concentrations the waste becomes difficult to manage.  This is especially difficult if the cities’ infrastructure is not developed to sufficiently accommodate the waste as is true in many developing countries like India.  These sanitation challenges can lead to the rapid spread of disease and also contribute to the contamination of water sources.  Also, The building and operation of factories leads to more air pollutants being released, as does the increased number of cars on the roads.  These problems manifest themselves in the form of respiratory illness.  These are some of the most pressing health troubles that urban areas are currently facing as they struggle to safely develop their urban regions.  However, there are lesser publicized health problems that are beginning to appear in urban areas that will need attention in the future. 

            These problems are non-communicable diseases, namely diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, that are associated with urbanization in middle to low income countries (Leon 2008).  A large part of these issues come as a result of the significant change in diet and exercise that comes with living in a city.  It has been found in India that rates of obesity and hypertension are generally found to be much higher in the urban versus rural areas.  It is expected that in 2030 that the global diabetes prevalence rate will grow from 2.8% to 4.4%, with urbanization in developing countries contributing to this rise.  (Leon 2008).  The rural lifestyle in India requires a large amount of labor to be put forth each day by each person.  This labor, coupled with the non existent option of eating processed foods or traveling to a store for food are what keeps the weight from accumulating on these residents.  The urban areas require less vigorous work to be done and allow for more leisure time for people where they can sit and relax rather then tend to crops all day.  The rise in non-communicable diseases for the developing countries’ urban areas is a problem that will only grow with time.  As more people move to the cities, their likelihood of suffering from these problems increases.

Although people in the cities may be suffering from the non-communicable diseases, rural areas are by no means devoid of their own set of health problems. The danger of the non-communicable disease though is that they are not easy to treat with the proper health care. This provides a contrast to the other problems of urbanization such as unclean water sources.  There is at least a known cure for those problems that a city can work towards providing for its people.  However, Diabetes is a lifelong disease requiring constant management, a hard service to provide for people when they don’t visit the doctor often.  Hypertension and cardiovascular disease also have no cures, just recommendations for lifestyle changes to prevent the diseases from progressing. Non-communicable diseases need to be given attention in these urban areas so precautions can be taken to prevent their spread in the first place.  If they are not prevented, India’s urban areas, along with the rest of the world will be forced to live with these diseases that have no known cure.

Developing countries are struggling to accommodate the vast number of people that have come to their cities in recent years. There are many health problems that come as a result of urbanization as people share a limited amount of resources and develop different lifestyles.  Attention needs to be brought to these health problems so urban areas promote healthy living and are cleaner, safer areas to live.

 References:

Leon, D. (2008). Cities, urbanization, and health.  International Journal of Epidemiology, 37(1), 4-8.

Yadiv, K., Nikhil, S.V., Pandav, C. (2011). Urbanization and health challenges: need to                        fast track launch of the national urban health mission.  Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 36(1), 3-7.

Renewable Energy

   In the past few years, renewable energy has become a popular topic throughout the world. This is in part because news of climate change and its consequences are becoming more known and understood with each passing day.  Climate change has been brought about by the world’s consumption of fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, that have long produced the energy supply for countries throughout the world. With the dwindling availability and increasing price of these fossil fuels, alternative energy sources have begun to be seriously looked at as the energy sources of the future.

            The benefits of producing energy using renewable energy technologies are numerous.  By using resources that are not finite such as coal and oil, there can be more security of energy sources.  Countries would not have to undergo political battles to gain the right to import these resources from other countries.  There would not be a fear of rising prices for energy as supplies become more limited with use because unlike fossils fuels, renewable energy technologies are just that, renewable.  If there is flowing water, hydropower will be able to be generated, if there is wind, wind power can be produced, if there is sunlight, solar energy can be harnessed.  As long as these elements are present, energy can be produced. This is the binding characteristic of all renewable energy resources, that their resources can be regenerated consistently.  It will take fossil fuels millions of years to reform, a timescale that is not compatible with the human lifetime.  In addition to the threat of resource depletion, the use of fossil fuels also contributes to global climate change.  The emissions that result from these resources are detrimental to the health of the world and over time will significantly impact the planet.  Emissions are harmful to human health as pollution of air and water can directly adversely affect their lives and lead to disease or death.  Climate change can result in increased droughts and temperature, stronger storms, compromise wildlife, rising sea levels.  All of these consequences have an impact on human life and health and so our consumption of fossil fuels should be evaluated in order to find ways in which we can limit climate change.

            While it may sound like an easy fix to a big problem, incorporating renewable energy into a country’s infrastructure is not an easy process.  For one, the technology is still being developed so these resources can be used as efficiently as possible. Also, infrastructure may have to be implemented in order to accommodate these new sources of energy.  Grid modifications will be essential and finding the best areas to build these technologies is also a challenge.  These challenges are all very important to overcome, but one of the most significant barriers is money.

            Renewable Energy is not cheap.  There is a large upfront capital cost associated with these resources to build windmills, dams, and solar panels and then additional costs to ensure they continue operating.  In a developing country like India, money is not the easiest commodity to come by.  However, it is still very important for these developing countries to plan for global environmental change and begin to implement the use of alternative energy sources to ensure energy security for the future (Benecke 2011).  To help cushion the cost of implementing these technologies and ensuring that these alternative energy sources will be researched there are multilateral institutions and development banks that carry out renewable energy projects in developing countries.  The Indian renewable energy sector has received support from these organizations in the forms of loans and grants.  Some of these organizations include The World Bank, KfW of Germany, USAID, and the Asian Development Bank, or ADB (Arora et al 2010). All of these banks serve a common purpose to aid in the growth of countries and provide funds for projects that would not ordinarily be feasible for these countries.  The World Bank gives $1 billion annually to India’s power sector in efforts to improve their power generation efforts and to encourage sustainable development which includes implementing renewable resources. (Arora et al 2010).  A recent World Bank report reported the 68GW of power could be generated from India’s renewable resources if these resources were tapped into. (2011 World Bank Report). This is a significant amount of energy and would help to accommodate the increasing electricity demands that are occurring throughout the country.  In addition to the World Bank, these other development agencies provide loans for similar projects that help alleviate the money burden that these developing countries struggle to overcome each day.  In providing such support, these agencies are allowing renewable energy and alternative energy sources to be an economically feasible option in the developing world.

            Incorporating renewable energy resources into the world’s energy production is an important and necessary step towards ensuring the security of the world’s energy sources.  While fossil fuels will eventually be depleted, these other options will provide the energy we need going forward.  A major obstacle in overcoming these barriers is money, especially in developing countries. With the help of multilateral agencies, overcoming this barrier is slowly becoming a reality and as a result of these efforts, renewable energy resources will be utilized at increasing rates in the coming years.  

References: 

2011.  World Bank: India can generate 68GW from renewables.  Power Engineering                       International. 19(3).

Benecke, E. (2011). Networking for climate change: agency in the context of renewable energy                  governance in India. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law, and Economics, 11(1).

Arora, D.S., Busche, S., Cowlin, S., Engelmeier, T., Jaritz, H. Milbrandt, A., Wang, S.(2010).  Indian Renewable Energy Status Report. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. U.S. Department of Energy.

The Green Revolution

Agriculture has long been the foundation of India’s economy.  The vast majority of its population are involved in the agriculture industry, so particular interest is placed on this industry when discussion of India’s economy occurs.  In the first half of the 20^th century, India was prone to food shortages as its farmers struggled to keep up with the demands of its growing population.  In order to combat this problem, the Green Revolution was born in India, but it did not come without its faults.

            The Green Revolution began soon after Jawaharlal Nehru came to power in 1947 and made India focus on developing the infrastructure needed to usher in the era of scientific agriculture.  Fertilizers and pesticides were beginning to catch on in the world of agriculture and new farming techniques were being discovered to accommodate these new developments.  Universities focused on agriculture studies began to form so the people could learn the new ways of farming.  While India prepared itself to increase its food capacity by investing in this infrastructure, food shortages were still prevalent and the importing of food became essential to provide the needs of this growing population (Swaminathan 2010). 

             In order for India to improve its food production, it had to continue building on the infrastructure that it had already established.  The next step was to implement irrigation and begin use of the new hybrid crops that had been developed.  The crops of particular benefit were the dwarf varieties of wheat and rice.  These crops could withstand harsh conditions, consume water and nutrients more efficiently, and produce a yield that was 2 to 3 times more then what had been previously grown (Swaminathan 2010).  The success of the wheat and rice crops led to the expansion of crop varieties and a greater emphasis was placed on the production of pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, and milk. Needless to say, the culmination of these events, led to extraordinary growth of the agricultural sector.  The food production rate in India was now exceeding the growth rate of the population, and thus lessening the occurrence of food shortages. (Swaminathan 2010).    The increased efficiency and investment in the agricultural sector led to this Green Revolution and allowed India to be able to support its own population with food from within its borders.

            The success of the Green Revolution eventually led to a false sense of security in India.  While newspapers were boasting of the excesses of food in India, policy makers became more apathetic to the cause and decreased their investment to the advancement of the industry. This, along with the ever-present malnutrition present in India has led to some questions regarding the shortcomings of this revolution (Swaminathan, 2010).    The policies enacted that resulted in the increased production of food, but the distribution was where the problem occurred.  The farmers that were able to benefit from the new agriculture policies in India became powerful and were able to influence the future policies pertaining to agriculture so that they benefited themselves. The influence they were able to exert prevented additional infrastructure investments from being made in regions where the infrastructure improvements had not yet occurred (Das, 1999).  In order for smaller farms to benefit from the new agriculture science innovations, they needed such tools as irrigation to be able to take advantage of their potential.  Due to this, the impact of the green revolution was only able to greatly impact the farmers and regions who were fortunate enough to benefit from the initial investments made by the country (Das 1999).  Those that were not a recipient of these investments, largely smaller farms in rural areas, were left behind and could not advance their food production capabilities (Das, 1999)  This left many rural areas from enjoying the perks of the Green Revolution which had been felt by so many of their fellow citizens.  The lack of policy intervention in these areas has resulted in the malnourishment that is still prevalent in India.  The policy and infrastructure distribution was unequal during the Green Revolution and has adversely impacted the agriculture conditions between regions.

            The Green Revolution increased the food production in India by an enormous amount, however, it cannot be forgotten that this period of time did not solve all of India’s food problems.  There are many regions that were not the beneficiaries of this new era of technology and innovation in the field of agriculture and so are still struggling to produce enough food for their people.  Despite these areas of neglect, the Green Revolution did result in increased food production and has benefited millions of Indians.  Without this event in India’s history, there would be more Indians struggling to find food then there are today, and for that, the Green Revolution can be recognized. 

References:

Das, Raju J. (1999). Geographical unevenness of India’s green revolution. Journal of               Contemporary Asia, 29(2), 167-186.

Swaminathan, M.S. (2010). From green to evergreen revolution Indian agriculture:                  performance and emerging challenges.  New Dehli: Academic Foundation.

Nitrogen Emissions and Us: Are they Worth it?

          The nitrogen cycle is an essential system in our world, without it, the living organisms on our planet would not exist. In the last century, the world’s understanding of the importance of nitrogen to the growth of crops has led to the development and widespread use of fertilizers which enrich the nitrogen content of the crops, causing increased crop yields.  The addition of nitrogen to the environment, along with other various industries’ use of nitrogen has disrupted the balance of this element on the Earth.  The positive results these industries achieve at the expense of adding nitrogen to the environment, may not be worth the health and environmental problems that come as a result of this exploitation of nitrogen. 

            The world’s agriculture production is limited by nitrogen, and as a result its use as a fertilizer has dramatically increased since its availability became widespread (Townsend et al., 2003).  As of 2002, it was estimated that over half of all the inorganic nitrogen ever used on earth was applied in the past fifteen years (Townsend et al., 2003). It would come as no surprise to many then, that this extensive application of nitrogen has resulted in substantial changes to the earth’s environment.  On the positive side, this increase of fertilizer use contributed to the green revolution and resulted in increased food production.  This production has enabled the world to support a growing population, while also decreasing the incidences of starvation and malnutrition (Townsend et al., 2003).  This benefit is felt most profoundly among the developing nations where lack of food was, and still is, a serious problem for these nations’ people.  By increasing their agriculture production, their health has improved as a result and better nutritional content has strengthened their immune disease allowing it to fight diseases with more success and normality.  This use of nitrogen enhancing fertilizers has improved the public health of their populations, a benefit that must not be overlooked when analyzing the benefits and ill consequences of introducing more nitrogen into the environment.

            The increased food production has been beneficial to many, but the effect that increased nitrogen is having on the environment is important to recognize.  In coastal water environments, eutrophication occurs leading to harmful algal blooms, dead zones, and reef degradation.  On land, the increase in tropospheric ozone can cause extensive crop damage, soil can become less fertile as a result of acidification, and increase the risk of agricultural diseases and pests (Townsend et al., 2003).  All of these consequences can severely impact the world’s resources and ability to support the population if they are not properly monitored and maintained in the future.

            The direct impact of nitrogen increases on our human health are many.  The two common means by which nitrogen ingestion occurs are air pollution and water pollution that have increased nitrates (Townsend et al., 2003).  Increased nitrates causing air pollution can lead to respiratory problems such as asthma, decreased lung function, and in some cases death (Levy, 2003).  Some studies also show that nitrogen oxides can oxidize to form nitric acid which in turn can react with ammonium to form ammonium nitrate particles.  These particles can cause respiratory as well as cardiovascular problems (Levy 2003).  Another health complication that occurs as a result of air pollution by nitrates in increased pollen production by plants.  This increase exacerbates the allergies already suffered by millions of people each year (Townsend et al., 2003).  As one can see, air pollution can cause many health problems and should be reduced as much as possible to help curb the effects that increases in nitrogen in the atmosphere can have on people.

            Not only does air pollution by way of nitrogen increases pose a significant problem for human health, but water pollution does as well.  High levels of nitrate in drinking water can cause reproductive problems, methemoglobinemia (or blue-baby syndrome), and cancer (Townsend et al., 2003).  Many of the world’s water resources are polluted and people do not have the ability to cleanse their water effectively which leads to the adverse effects that nitrogen poses to drinking water sanitation.  Water sources need to be better cleaned so that populations around the world do not have to endure the negative effects that nitrogen pollution can have on their health. 

            The addition of more nitrogen into the world has led to paradoxical effects.  On the one hand, developing nations have been able to better feed their people, while on the other, adverse effects on the environment and on human health have been identified.  Rather then blindly continue the use of fertilizers and other activities that release nitrogen into the atmosphere, we should begin to calculate the consequences of those actions. A more balanced approach should be taken when it comes to using nitrogen.  Its benefits are significant and should be maintained, but not to the extent that they cause irreversible damage to the environment.  There should be more awareness and studies conducted regarding the impact of increased nitrogen exposure to the world so that we as a society can better manage the release of this life sustaining element.  

  References:

Levy, J. (2003).  Health effects of atmospheric nitrogen emissions.  Environment, 45(7), 14.
 

Townsend, A.R., Howarth, R.W.,  Bazzaz, F.A., Booth, M.S., Cleveland, C.C., Collinge, 
                            S.K.,…Wolfe, A.H. (2003).  Human health effects of a changing global nitrogen
                           cycle.  Front Ecol Environ, 1(5),  240-246.  

Blog One: Monsoons in India

India relies on its monsoon season to deliver the majority of its precipitation to the country each year.  Agriculture is a vital industry in India which requires there to be a consistent rain season in order to ensure the growth of its crops.  Without the monsoon, India would not have a reliable or sufficient rain source to support its agriculture and would thus cripple its economy and endanger the lives and health of its giant population.  Considering the importance of agricultural production in India and the reliance each and every species in the region has for the monsoon, it is one of the most important natural phenomenons that occur in India.

Before going into more detail about the implications the monsoons have on India, here is a brief description of the causal factors that lead to the formation of the monsoon, or more specifically the South Asian monsoon.  This monsoon forms each year as a result of a rapid reversal of wind circulation from the traditional Hadley cell circulation that ordinarily is found in that region of the world (Molnar, Boos, & Battisti 2010).  This change of wind pattern, coupled with the geographic obstacles of the Tibetan plateau and the Himalayan mountain range which alter the wind’s current, contribute towards the formation of the South Asian monsoon.  However, it is important to note that the study of the South Asian monsoon is ongoing and the exact causes of its formation are constantly being debated.  This aside, the monsoon is still an intriguing and mystifying weather pattern that is vital to the existence of the Indian people.

Right before the monsoon season begins in May, India often begins to worry about whether or not the monsoon will come.  However, when studying the history of the monsoon, one realizes that the coming of the South Asian summer monsoon is one of the most reliable events on the calendar (Gadgil & Rajeevan, 2008).  The amount of rainfall fluctuates only slightly from year to year and in the last 132 years only 17% of the time has been spent in so called drought conditions.  On the other hand, when a severe drought does come the negative impact on the Indian GDP can reach between 2-5%(Gadgil & Rajeevan, 2008).  Thus, when a drought season does come, which is not particularly common, a significant impact is felt throughout India.  With the negative impact that comes from the drought season, one may think that if there was an excess of rainfall in a given year, which occurs 14% of the time, that the agriculture industry would receive a boom in production.  Unfortunately, this is not the case and there is very little additional positive impact of surplus rainfall on production (Gadgil & Rajeecan, 2008). Fortunately for India, the monsoon regularly occurs, allowing its agriculture to consistently support its population.

The very existence of the monsoon is a unique natural occurrence in the Indian region.   A climate that is ordinarily hot and dry is able to support the massive Indian population due to the rain that comes with the monsoon season.  All told, the monsoon season accounts for 80% of the average annual rainfall over India (Gadgil & Rajeevan, 2008).  The dependence on the monsoon is so great that the agricultural practices and migration patterns of the population have evolved to accommodate and utilize this weather pattern(Gadgil, 2006).  Farmers plant their crops based on the timing of the monsoon season.  Given modern technology and the ability of meteorologists to predict with increased accuracy the arrival of the monsoon season, farmers are able to plant their crops at the most opportune time.  In addition to farmers planning their crops around the monsoon cycle, various plant and animal species native to India have adapted their life cycles to better accommodate the climate.  For example, many trees in India will bloom during the peak of the dry season which allows their seeds to be ripe and prepared to sprout when the rain comes (Gadgil, 2006).  Also, elephants’ migration patterns are contingent on the monsoon season.  They travel to the rain forests when the monsoon season ends and then head to the deciduous forests just before the monsoon season picks up again in order to accommodate the fluxes in climate (Gadgil, 2006).   The learned behavior patterns of various species when the monsoon season arrives and exits verifies how important this event is to the survival of all organisms who live in the monsoon zone.

The South Asian monsoon is a natural phenomenon that is unique in several ways, from the way it is formed to the vital role it plays in the lives of millions of people.  The monsoon dictates the success or failure of the agriculture season for India each year and over time has led to the evolution of species whose very life cycles are contingent on the monsoon’s annual arrival.  Without the monsoon, India’s development would have been vastly different and the India as we know it today would not exist.  

References:

Molnar, P., Boos, R., Battisti, D.S. (2010). Orographic controls on climate and paleoclimate of Asia: thermal and mechanical roles for the Tibetan plateau. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary                        Sciences, 38, 77-102.

Gadgil, S., & Rajeevan, M. (2008) The Indian monsoon: 5. Prediction of the monsoon.  Resonance,                               13(12),  1117-1132.

Gadgil, S. (2006) The Indian monsoon:1. Variations in space and time.  Resonance, 11(8),  8-21.